INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
Impacts on health
27 %
18 %
Stroke
27 %
Ischaemic heart disease
20 %
8 %
Lung Cancer
Pneumonia
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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3.8 Million
death every year
Occur as a result of household( Indoor ) exposure to smoke from dirty cookstoves and fuels
Particulate Matter
(PM 10 and PM 2.5)
Solid
Liquid
PM is the complex mixture of solid and liquid particles that are suspended in the air
PM 10
PM 2.5
Particles of 2 µm in diameter ( PM 2.5 ) are considered the most harmful because their size means they can enter our bloodstream and can even reach the brain.
Particles up to 10 µm in diameter (PM 10) enter our airways and can settle in the lungs , where they can cause serious illnesses.
EFFECTS
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Premature death in people with heart or lung disease
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Non - Fatal heart Attacks
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Irregular heartbeats
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Aggravated lung function
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Increase respiratory symptoms, suchs irritation of the airways ,cough or shortness of breath.
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Around 2.6 billion people still cook using solid fuels (such as wood, crop wastes, charcoal, coal, and dung) and kerosene in open fires and inefficient stoves. Most of these people are poor and live in low- and middle-income countries.
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Around 2.6 billion people cook using polluting open fires or simple stoves fuelled by kerosene, biomass (wood, animal dung and crop waste) and coal.
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Household air pollution causes noncommunicable diseases including stroke, ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer.
Ozone (O3)
Ozone is a gas that forms both in the upper layer of the atmosphere (the stratosphere) and in the lower layer (the troposphere). In the stratosphere, ozone protects life on earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. In the lower layer, however, it is an
air pollutant that is harmful to human health and ecosystems.
EFFECTS
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Breathing problems
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Trigger Asthma
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Reduce lung function and cause lung disease
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Exposure to premature death, heart attacks, strokes and possible reproductive and developmental disorders
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
SO2 is a colourless gas with a strong odour. It is produced from the burning of fossil fuels (such as coal and diesel) and the smelting of mineral ores that contain sulfur. This includes the fuels used for domestic heating, power generation and motor vehicles. There are also natural sources of SO2, such as volcanoes and geothermal activity.
EFFECTS
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Affect the respiratory system and the functions of the lungs, as well as causing eye irritation
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Coughing, asthma and chronic bronchitis
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It also makes people more prone to respiratory tract infections.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
CO is an odourless, colourless gas that can cause death. It is produced when fuels like natural gas, propane gas, gasoline, oil, kerosene, wood or coal are burned.
EFFECTS
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Early signs of exposure to low concentrations of CO include mild headaches and shortness of breath during moderate exercise.
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flu-like symptoms, including severe headaches, dizziness, tiredness, nausea, confusion, irritability, and confused thinking, impaired memory and coordination.
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When a person inhales CO, the toxic gas enters the bloodstream and prevents oxygen from entering the body, which can cause tissue damage and lead to death.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
NO2 is the main source of nitrate aerosols, which account for a large proportion of PM2,5 and, in the presence of ultraviolet light, of ozone.
The main sources of anthropogenic NO2 emissions are combustion processes (heating, power generation, and engines in vehicles and ships).
EFFECTS
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In high concentrations for short periods of time, it is a toxic gas that causes significant inflammation of the airways.
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Similarly, symptoms of bronchitis in asthmatic children increase following prolonged exposure to NO2. Reduced lung function development is also linked to high concentrations of NO230.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
VOCs are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. These have a high vapour pressure and low water solubility. Many VOCs are chemicals used in the manufacture of paints, pharmaceuticals, and refrigerants.
Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to 10 times higher) than outdoors.
0.3 mg /m3
0.3 to 0.5 mg/m3
LOW
ACCEPTABLE
0.5 to 1. mg/m3
1 to 3 mg/m3
MARGINAL
HIGH
Painting a Room
Disinfecting a
Bathroom
Automative Garage
Fumes
Spraying Pesticides Inside
EFFECTS
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VOCs can have short-and long-term adverse effects on a person’s health.
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This can result in mood changes, slurred speech, vision problems, memory loss, nausea, vomiting, facial flushing, and headaches.
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In severe cases, there may be changes in breathing and heart rate, balance problems, numbness, and unconsciousness.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC)
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HFC's are a group of industrial chemicals primarily used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, insulating foams, and aerosol propellants, but also to a lesser extent as solvents and for fire protection.
They remain in the atmosphere for between 15 and 29 years.
EFFECTS
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Inhaling HFC can cause problems such as respiratory distress, kidney and liver disease, headaches, seizures, and even disturbed heart rhythms.
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In extreme cases, it can lead to suffocation and death.
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Skin contact with HFC can cause irritation or dermatitis, while ingestion can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and other digestive problems.
Black Carbon
Black Carbon is a particle with the potential to contribute significantly to global warming. It remains in the atmosphere for up to two weeks. Black carbon and other emissions produced by the combustion process contribute to the formation of particulate matter (PM2.5).
EFFECTS
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Black carbon has been linked to a variety of health impacts including premature death in adults with heart or lung disease, strokes, heart attacks, chronic respiratory diseases such as bronchitis, aggravated asthma and other cardiorespiratory symptoms.
POLLUTANTS AND THEIR HEALTH EFFECTS
Paint strippers
and other solvents
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Wood preservatives
Aerosol sprays
Cleansers and disinfectants
Cookings
Moth repellents and
air fresheners
Pesticide
Building materials and furnishings
POLLUTANTS OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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CO
Carbon Monoxide
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Heart & Respiratory Disease & Convulsion
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Breathing Problem
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Asphyxia
NO2
Nitrogendioxide
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Affect Lung Functions & Cardiac Disorder
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Pulmonary Firbrosis
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Pheumonia
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Asthma
CO2
Corbondioxide
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Inflammation
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Kidney Calcification
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Bone Demineralization
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Endothelial Dys Function
O3
Ozone
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Asthma
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Emphysema
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Chronic Bronchitis
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COPD
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Lung cancer
VOCs
Volatile Organic Compound
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Central Nervous System & Carcinogenic
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Cancer (Leukemia & lymphoma)
SO2
Sulphar Dioxide
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Affect Lung Function
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Asthma
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Mucous Secretion
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Chronic Bronchitis
PM
Particulate Matter
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Asthma
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Emphysema
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COPD
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Chronic Bronchitis
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Lung cancer
Pollutants & Impacts
PAINTS, PAINT STRIPPERS AND OTHER SOLVENTS
POLLUTANTS:
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VOCs like formaldehyde and benzene etc.,
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Particle pollution (dust).
IMPACT:
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These pollutants can react with ground level ozone and cause respiratory disorders.
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Exposure to benzene may cause acute myeloid leukaemia.
WOOD PRESERVATIVE
POLLUTANTS:
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Chromium
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Arsenic
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Dioxins
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VOCs like methylene chloride, formaldehyde, trichloroethylene, xylene etc.
IMPACT:
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Exposure to trichloroethylene causes leukemia in children.
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Pregnant women who are exposed to Xylene may experience birth
abnormalities and neurological problems.
AEROSOL SPRAYS
POLLUTANTS:
VOCs, Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen Oxide, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
IMPACT:
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CFCs destroy the ozone layer and contribute to global warming, raising the carbon footprint.
CLEANERS AND DISINFECTANT
POLLUTANTS:
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VOCs (formaldehyde), Particulate Matter, Ozone, ammonia.
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Hypochlorite and chlorine beach.
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Mixing chlorine or chlorine containing product with any ammonia containing cleaners release chlorine gases this can lead to chronic breathing problems and even death.
IMPACT:
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These pollutants can react with ground level ozone and cause respiratory disorders.
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Exposure to benzene may cause acute myeloid leukaemia.
COOKING
POLLUTANTS:
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VOCs like formaldehyde, benzene etc.
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
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Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
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Carbon Dioxide
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Nitrogen Dioxide(SO2)
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PM 2.5, PM 10, and
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Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
IMPACT:
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Risk of respiratory disorders.
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Exposure to benzene may cause acute myeloid leukemia.
MOTH REPELLENTS AND AIR FRESHENERS:
POLLUTANTS:
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p-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB),
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Naphthalene
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Formaldehyde.
IMPACT:
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Formaldehyde cause sensory irritation.
PESTICIDES
POLLUTANTS:
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VOCs
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Ozone.
IMPACT:
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Exposure to pesticides may cause irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat.
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It may also cause cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and birth defects.
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Chronic exposure to some pesticides can result in damage to the liver, kidneys, endocrine, and nervous systems.
BUILDING MATERIAL AND FURNISHERS
POLLUTANTS:
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VOCs like Benzene, Formaldehyde, Asbestos etc.,
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Radon
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NO2
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CO2
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PM2.5
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Microbes, and
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Carbon Monoxide.
IMPACT:
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The level of benzene in new buildings is high and the range is up to 30μg/m3 . Exposure to high level can cause cancer
INDOOR POLLUTION LEVEL IN TOP COUNTRIES
INDIA
INDOOR BENZENE LEVEL:
Houses in India that used kerosene stoves were reported as having average indoor levels of 103 μg/m3. Another study performed in India reported indoor concentrations of 10.7 μg/m3
INDOOR BENZENE LEVEL:
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2.1 mg/m3
USA
INDOOR BENZENE LEVEL:
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Daily benzene intake from ambient and indoor air has been calculated to range between 180 and 1300 μg/day. The average intake in the United States is 320 μg/day.
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Indoor levels measured in the United States are in the range of 2.6–5.8 μg/m3.
INDOOR CARBON MONOXIDE LEVEL
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Indoor CO level is 60-115 mg/m3 (peak)
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In summer: 0.2 mg/m3
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In winter: 0.5 mg/m3
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In spring: 0.3 mg/m3
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In autumn: 0.5 mg/m3
CANADA
BENZENE EXPOSURE LEVEL
The average daily intake for an adult in Canada was estimated to be 14 μg/day from ambient air, 140 μg/day from indoor air and 49 μg/day from car-related activities.
INDOOR FORMALDEHYDE LEVEL
The indoor concentration of formaldehyde ranged from 9.6 to 90 μg/m3 , with a geometric mean of 29.5 mg/m3 .
UK
BENZENE EXPOSURE LEVEL
A study carried out in the United Kingdom estimated a daily dose of benzene of 70–75 μg/day for rural non-smokers and 89–95 μg/day for urban non-smokers. The daily dose rise to 116–122 μg/day for urban passive smokers and to over 500 μg/day for urban smokers. Children’s daily exposures were estimated to be 15–20 μg/day and 30–40 μg/day for infants and children, respectively, while exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) led to a daily exposure of 26 μg/day and 59 μg/day for a urban infants and children, respectively.
NITROGEN DIOXIDE LEVEL
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In the United Kingdom, studies showed indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in homes without gas stoves ranging from 13 to 40 μg/m3 and in the presence of gas stoves from 25 to 70 μg/m3.
EUROPE COUNTRIES
BENZENE EXPOSURE LEVEL
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A European study estimated a daily inhaled benzene dose of 102 μg/day, where 36%, 32%, 2% and 30% of the exposure was attributed to indoor home, indoor work, outdoor and in transit, respectively. In some Asian cities, where high levels of benzene were reported in homes and offices, the daily inhalation dose of benzene from indoor sources can be as high as 480–580 μg/day.
INDOOR FORMALDEHYDE LEVEL
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The average air concentration of formaldehyde in homes at Helsinki was 41.4 μg/m3 (range 8.1–77.8 μg/m3 ) and at the workplace 15 μg/m3 , whereas average personal exposure was 26.8 μg/m3.
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Formaldehyde concentrations in offices in public buildings (n = 94) in Italy , varied from 3 to 33 μg/m3 .
NITROGEN DIOXIDE LEVEL
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Maximum levels associated with the use of gas appliances (gas cooking and heating) in European homes are in the range 180–2500 μg/m3.
GERMANY
INDOOR NAPTHALENE LEVEL
In 216 classrooms (76%), the naphthalene concentration was below the detection limit of 1 μg/m3 .
CHINA
INDOOR BENZENE LEVEL
Higher concentrations have been reported from some Chinese cities, with levels as high as 57.4 μg/m3 in Guanzhou.
JAPAN
INDOOR BENZENE LEVEL
The arithmetic mean values in Japan is ranging from 0.7 to 7.2 μg/m3
INDOOR FORMALDEHYDE LEVEL
The maximum concentration of indoor formaldehyde level in japan is 300 μg/m3
SINGAPORE
INDOOR BENZENE LEVEL
Indoor benzene concentration of buildings in Singapore were 18.4–35.4 μg/m3.
KOREA
INDOOR BENZENE LEVEL
The indoor benzene level in Korea is 23–35 μg/m3
INDOOR CARBON MONOXIDE LEVEL
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In summer: 0.5 mg/m3
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In Winter: 0.9 mg/m3
SWITZERLAND
CARBON MONOXIDE LEVEL
The arithmetic mean value of carbon monoxide level in Switzerland is 3.5 mg/m3
AUSTRALIA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE LEVEL
The overall median level of NO2 in Australia is 6ppb to 128ppb.
SPAIN
NITROGEN DIOXIDE LEVEL
In a Spanish study of 340 dwellings carried out between 1996 and 1999, average annual indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide did not vary significantly, ranging from 12.5 to 14.7 μg/m3 .
ITALY
NITROGEN DIOXIDE LEVEL
Annual ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations ranged from 4.9 μg/m3 in Reykjavik to 72 μg/m3 in Turin.
